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Medicare vs. Employer Insurance: Which One Pays First

When you’re eligible for Medicare and also have employer-sponsored health insurance, things can get a little confusing. One question that comes up often: is Medicare or employer coverage primary?

The answer depends on employment status, the size of the employer, and the type of Medicare you have. Here’s what you need to know about how Medicare coordinates with employer coverage and who pays first.

Primary Payer

When you have more than one type of health coverage, the primary payer is the insurance that pays first for your healthcare services. The secondary payer may cover remaining costs, such as copayments, coinsurance, or deductibles.

Knowing which plan is primary ensures:

• Your claims are processed correctly
• You avoid unexpected bills
• You stay compliant with Medicare rules

General Rule: Employment Size Determines Priority

If You’re 65 or Older and Still Working

If your employer has 20 or more employees:

• Employer insurance is primary
• Medicare is secondary

If your employer has fewer than 20 employees:

• Medicare is primary
• Employer insurance is secondary

Note: The same rule applies if you’re covered under your spouse’s employer plan.

Watch a video on how Medicare works with employer coverage

Under 65 and Have Medicare Due to Disability:

If your (or your spouse’s) employer has 100 or more employees

• Employer insurance is primary
• Medicare is secondary

If the employer has fewer than 100 employees

• Medicare is primary

Retiree Coverage or COBRA

• Medicare is always primary
• Retiree plans and COBRA are considered secondary

In fact, if you delay enrolling in Medicare while on COBRA, you could lose COBRA coverage. Always sign up for Medicare Part B when first eligible to avoid penalties and gaps in coverage.

What About Veterans Benefits or TRICARE

If you have VA coverage, TRICARE, or other federal health benefits, the rules may differ:

• VA only covers care at VA facilities. If you go to a non-VA provider, Medicare pays first.
• TRICARE for Life acts as secondary coverage to Medicare for eligible military retirees.

Beneficiaries

• Don’t assume employer insurance will always pay first; check the size of the employer.
• Always inform Medicare and your employer plan that you have dual coverage so they can coordinate benefits properly.
• If Medicare is supposed to be primary and you haven’t enrolled in Part B, your employer plan may refuse to pay claims.

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Medicare OEP Open Enrollment Period

The Medicare Open Enrollment Period (OEP) runs annually from January 1 to March 31. It is specifically for individuals already enrolled in a Medicare Advantage (Part C) plan as of January 1.

This period does not apply to those with Original Medicare (Part A and B) only; it’s strictly for Medicare Advantage plan members who may want to make a one-time change.

What Changes Can You Make During OEP

Those enrolled in a Medicare Advantage plan, can make one change during the OEP. The options include:

• Switching to a different Medicare Advantage plan, with or without drug coverage
• Dropping your Medicare Advantage plan and returning to Original Medicare, with the option to add a Part D prescription drug plan

Changes You Cannot Make:

• Switch from Original Medicare to a Medicare Advantage plan
• Enroll in Part D drug coverage if you’re on Original Medicare and missed your IEP or AEP
• Make multiple changes; OEP only allows one switch

Watch a video on Medicare enrollment periods

Why Use the OEP

Here are a few common reasons beneficiaries take advantage of the Medicare OEP:

• Their current Medicare Advantage plan doesn’t cover a needed medication or provider
• They discovered higher costs or restrictions after using the plan in January
• They had a change in health and want a different plan with better specialist coverage
• They were unaware of better plan options during the Annual Enrollment Period (AEP), which runs from October 15 to December 7

How Is OEP Different from AEP

Important Considerations

• If you switch to Original Medicare during OEP, you may not be guaranteed Medigap (Medicare Supplement) coverage; unless you’re in a trial right or qualify for a Special Enrollment Period.
• Any changes made during the OEP become effective the first day of the month after the change is made (e.g., a change in February takes effect March 1).
• It’s important to review coverage early in the year to determine if your current plan still meets your needs.

Work with a Licensed Agent

The Medicare OEP is a valuable but limited opportunity to make corrections or improvements to your coverage. If you’re unsure whether your plan fits your health needs or budget, speak with a licensed Medicare agent. They can help you compare options, check provider networks and drug formularies, and make confident decisions about your healthcare.

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Understanding Medicaid Spend Downs: What It Is and How It Works

For many individuals, especially older adults and those with disabilities, affording healthcare and long-term care can be a significant financial challenge. Medicaid offers crucial support, but not everyone qualifies based on income or asset limits. That’s where understanding Medicaid Spend Downs is important. It is a pathway to eligibility for those who exceed Medicaid’s financial thresholds but still have high medical costs.

What Is Medicaid Spend Down

Medicaid Spend Down is a process that allows individuals with income or assets above Medicaid eligibility limits to “spend down” their excess resources on medical expenses to qualify for Medicaid coverage. It’s similar to an insurance deductible; once you’ve paid out a specific amount in medical bills, you become eligible for Medicaid assistance for the rest of the period.

There are two common types of spend down:

• Income Spend Down: For people whose monthly income is too high but who have recurring medical expenses.
• Asset Spend Down: For those whose savings or property exceed Medicaid’s asset limits.

Who Needs a Spend Down

Spend down is often needed by:

• Seniors over age 65
• Individuals with disabilities
• People in need of long-term care
• Those receiving home and community-based services

For example, someone with a small pension or Social Security income that slightly exceeds their state’s Medicaid income limit might still qualify if they have regular out-of-pocket medical costs like prescription drugs, doctor visits, or even insurance premiums.

How Does It Work

Each state administers Medicaid differently, so spend down rules and procedures vary. However, the basic process looks like this:

1. Determine Excess Income/Assets: Compare income or resources to the state’s Medicaid limits.
2. Calculate the Spend Down Amount: This is the amount you must use for medical expenses to qualify.
3. Submit Proof: Provide receipts or bills to your state Medicaid office as evidence of your medical expenses.
4. Become Eligible: Once you meet your spend down requirement, Medicaid covers your additional medical costs for a certain period; often between one and six months.

Agents, watch a quick video on the quarterly SEP for dual and drug help elimination 2025

What Counts Toward a Spend Down

Expenses that may count include:

• Unpaid medical bills
• Prescription drugs
• Health insurance premiums
• Doctor and hospital visits
• In-home care services
• Medical equipment

Important Considerations

• Timing Matters: Medicaid coverage through spend down is usually limited to specific timeframes (e.g., a one- or six-month period). Beneficiaries will need to re-qualify at the end of each spend down period. The length of each spend down varies by state.
• Asset Rules Are Strict: Some assets are exempt (like your home or one vehicle), but others may need to be spent down or placed in a trust.
• Documentation Is Key: Keep all receipts and records of medical expenses as proof.

Medicaid Spend Down can be a lifeline for those who need healthcare but don’t meet traditional financial eligibility criteria. It requires careful planning and documentation, but it opens the door to critical services like long-term care and in-home support.

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If you or a client may benefit from Medicaid but don’t meet the income or asset limits, a CMP (Certified Medicaid Planner) or elder law attorney can provide spend down options and help beneficiaries make informed decisions.

Exploring Alternatives to LTC Plans

Long-Term Care (LTC) insurance is designed to help cover the cost of services such as home care, assisted living, and nursing home care. However, traditional LTC insurance isn’t always the right fit for everyone. Whether it’s due to affordability, underwriting requirements, or changing needs, many people are looking for alternatives to LTC plans to prepare for future care costs.

Here’s a look at some viable alternatives to traditional LTC insurance agents can suggest to clients as an affordable option.

Hybrid Life Insurance with LTC Riders

What it is: A life insurance policy (usually whole or universal life) that includes a rider allowing policyholders to use part of the death benefit to pay for long-term care expenses.

Pros:

• If the policy holder never needs care, beneficiaries still receive the death benefit.
• Premiums are often guaranteed and cannot increase.
• Easier to qualify for than standalone LTC insurance.

This is a good choice for Individuals who want both life insurance and LTC protection in one plan and are concerned about “use-it-or-lose-it” LTC premiums.

Annuities with Long-Term Care Benefits

What it is: Some annuities offer enhanced payouts if the owner needs long-term care, effectively doubling or tripling the monthly income benefit for a specific period of time.

Pros:

• Guaranteed income stream.
• Fewer underwriting requirements.
• Can use qualified or non-qualified funds.

These annuities are an option for people with savings they want to protect or grow, who worry about future care expenses but don’t want traditional insurance.

Watch a quick video on Annuity basics

Short-Term Care Insurance

What it is: Short-term care policies cover care needs for a limited time; typically not more than 360 days. They are easier to qualify for and are more affordable when compared to traditional LTC policies.

Pros:

• Lower cost.
• Often no medical exam required.
• Quick benefit payout.

Clients who may not qualify for traditional LTC insurance or those seeking a more budget-friendly option to cover a temporary care gap should consider short-term insurance coverage.

Self-Funding with Investments

What it is: Creating a personal plan to save and invest funds specifically designated for possible long-term care expenses.

Pros:

• Complete control over assets.
• No underwriting or monthly premiums.

Cons:

• Requires discipline and adequate income.
• May be insufficient if care is needed sooner than expected or costs exceed projections.

Best for: High-net-worth individuals or financially savvy clients who prefer autonomy over their funds.

Medicaid Planning

What it is: Strategic financial planning to qualify for Medicaid coverage of long-term care. This might include asset protection strategies such as irrevocable trusts and gifting.

Pros:

• Medicaid is the largest payer of long-term care in the U.S.
• Can help preserve some assets for heirs.

Cons:

• Requires strict adherence to look-back periods and asset limits.
• Planning must be done well in advance.

This may be an option for those with limited assets or those with time to plan ahead using an experienced elder law attorney or Medicaid planner.

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Start the Conversation Early

The key to successful long-term care planning is starting early. Many of these alternatives become less viable with age or declining health. For agents, it’s important to offer a well-rounded view of options so clients can make informed decisions based on personal needs, health, and finances.

Remember: LTC planning isn’t one-size-fits-all. By exploring these alternatives, clients can have peace of mind; even if traditional long-term care insurance isn’t a viable option.

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Agent looking to expand your portfolio with LTC alternatives should consider contracting with carriers that offer hybrid products. It also helps to work with financial planners to create a comprehensive care funding strategy for your clients.